Lithium-ion Batteries In Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Review on preheating systems for Lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles under low temperature circumstance

Nowadays, energy and environmental protection issues have become the focus of most attention. The development of electric vehicles which depends on lithium ion battery as power source is one of the most applicable way in dealing with these issues. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) is highly favoured for its outstanding features in energy density, cycle life and energy retention. However, its severe sensitivity to working temperatures leads to problems when driving electric vehicles. Therefore, researchers and engineers have explored approaches to guaranteeing a suitable working temperature for LIB, one of which is the battery preheating system. To clarify the advancement of this system, both internal and external preheating methods studied in recent years are summarized, and the discussion for future research is included.

Optimal charging for lithium-ion batteries to avoid lithium plating based on ultrasound-assisted diagnosis and model predictive control

Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles, occurring due to low-temperature or high-rate charging, is a significant factor impacting safety and service life. To address this issue, a novel adaptive charging approach is proposed, combining ultrasound-assisted diagnosis and model predictive control (MPC). In the method, a discrete state-space electrochemical model is used to describe the dynamic characteristics of the battery, and a model predictive controller (MPC) is utilized to optimize the charging current to avoid lithium plating. Considering that factors such as battery performance degradation and variable working temperature affect the battery model's judgment of lithium plating, an ultrasound-assisted diagnosis method is used to determine the critical point of lithium plating. The effectiveness of the method is validated through low-temperature charging and cycle aging experiments. The results indicate that without complex model parameter calibration in different temperatures, the new charging method not only has a higher charging speed than constant current charging, but also can effectively suppress the occurrence of lithium plating on the negative electrode of the battery. The method is expected to be applied in electrochemical energy storage systems to enhance safety and service life.

Advancements in Battery Thermal Management for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review

Lithium-ion batteries are frequently utilized in electric vehicles because of their high energy density and prolonged cycle life. Maintaining the right temperature range is crucial since lithium-ion batteries' performance and lifespan are highly sensitive to temperature. This study discusses a practical battery heat control system in this setting. The phenomenon of heat generation and significant thermal problems with lithium-ion batteries are reviewed in this work. The studies on various battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are then thoroughly analysed and arranged into groups based on thermal cycle possibilities. Direct refrigerant two-phase cooling, second-loop liquid cooling, and cabin air cooling are all components of the BTMS. Phase change material cooling, heat pipe cooling, and thermoelectric element cooling are all future parts of the BTMS. The maximum temperature and maximum temperature differential of the batteries are examined for each BTMS, and a suitable BTMS that addresses the drawbacks of each system is discussed. Finally, a novel BTMS is suggested as a practical thermal management solution for lithium-ion batteries with high energy density.

World experience of legislative regulation for Lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries considering their second-life application in power sector

Understanding and incorporating global regulatory experiences and standards related to battery management is of greatest importance, particularly when considering the rapid evolution of the electric vehicle (EV) market and its implications for energy storage and sustainability. This is especially relevant for Ukraine, where the burgeoning secondary market for EVs and a keen interest in renewable energy sources underscore the need for proactive policy-making and standardization to address the challenges of battery second life and recycling. This article delves into the role of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion batteries within the ambit of the circular economy, underscoring the significance of legislative frameworks across the globe with a particular focus on European initiatives in light of Ukraine's EU integration ambitions. This encompasses extending battery life through recycling and repurposing, thereby ensuring both economic viability and minimal environmental footprint. The narrative outlines the varied legislative landscapes internationally, noting the differences in strategies from Asia's technological and safety emphasis to Europe's robust regulatory directives aimed at battery lifecycle management. In Europe, the drive towards sustainable battery utilization is marked by comprehensive policies like the EU Battery Directive and the emerging Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries, which set forth ambitious recycling targets and introduce innovative concepts like the battery passport. Drawing from this global overview, the article posits a set of recommendations for Ukraine, suggesting the development of extensive battery management legislation, adoption of European standards to smooth the path towards EU membership, investment in recycling infrastructures, fostering of public-private partnerships, and public awareness initiatives. These recommendations are designed to elevate Ukraine's position in the sustainability, promoting environmental stewardship and economic competitiveness. The growing importance of secondary lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in supporting and harmonizing renewable energy sources is emphasized, and accordingly, the need for adequate legislation and standardization to support a closed-loop economy. Keywords: Lithium-Ion Batteries, Second-Life Application, EV Battery Life Cycle, Circular Economy, Repurpose, Reuse, Recycling, Standards, Regulation, Legislation.

Analysis of State-of-Health Estimation Approaches and Constraints for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

Energy storage systems (ESS) are seeing rapid market growth due to the changing worldwide landscape of electricity distribution and consumption. An ESS must possess the capability to oversee the functioning of the system’s modules under abnormal circumstances, while also having the ability to supervise, manage, and optimize the performance of one or more battery modules. At present, the condition of batteries is assessed based on two factors: the level of charge (SOC) and the overall condition (SOH). By using these two characteristics, it becomes feasible to compute the anticipated battery lifespan and evaluate a battery’s efficiency. The assessment of SOH is a crucial determinant in guaranteeing the effectiveness, dependability, and security of batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). Nevertheless, the safety issues resulting from the imprecise estimation and forecasting of battery health status have garnered significant attention in academic circles. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of several SOH monitoring techniques. In order to achieve this objective, various scientific and technical literatures are examined and the corresponding methodologies are categorized into distinct groupings. The groupings are categorized based on the manner in which the procedure is executed: methods and techniques used in experiments and models. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the benefits and drawbacks of several SOH assessment and prediction techniques, along with the associated obstacles in SOH estimation.

A simulation-driven prediction model for state of charge estimation of electric vehicle lithium battery

Accurately predicting the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles is crucial for ensuring their stable operation. However, the component values related to SOC in the circuit typically require estimation through parameter identification. This paper proposes a three-stage method for estimating the SOC of lithium batteries in electric vehicles. Firstly, the parameters of the constructed second-order RC circuit are identified using the Forgetting Factor Recursive Least Squares (FFRLS) method. Secondly, an innovative approach is employed to construct a battery simulation model using modal-data fusion method. Finally, the predicted values of the simulation model are corrected using the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Validation through datasets demonstrates the high precision of this method in parameter identification. Moreover, in the comparison of SOC prediction corrections with Particle Filter (PF), Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), and the proposed UKF on simulated prediction data and experimental test data. The proposed method achieves the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0025 for simulation prediction data and 0.0186 for experimental test data. It also maintained its error within 5 % on actual data.

Hydrogen Reduction Behavior of NCM-based Lithium-ion Battery Cathode Materials

As the demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles is increasing, it is important to recover valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the effects of gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogen reduction of NCM-based lithium-ion battery cathode materials were investigated. As the gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure increased, the weight loss rate increased significantly from the beginning of the reaction due to the reduction of NiO and CoO by hydrogen. At 700 °C and hydrogen partial pressure above 0.5 atm, Ni and Li2O were produced by hydrogen reduction. From the reduction product and Li recovery rate, the hydrogen reduction of NCM-based cathode materials was significantly affected by hydrogen partial pressure. The Li compounds recovered from the solution after water leaching of the reduction products were LiOH, LiOH·H2O, and Li2CO3, with about 0.02 wt% Al as an impurity.

Enhanced thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries with Al2O3–MWCNT–ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluid-based helical coiled pulsating heat pipe (HC-PHP)

Enhanced thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries with Al2O3–MWCNT–ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluid-based helical coiled pulsating heat pipe (HC-PHP)

Service life estimation of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack using arrhenius mathematical model

Durability is a desired characteristic for all battery packs in Electric Vehicles. In this study, the service life of the EV battery pack under real-world operating conditions is projected using an Arrhenius mathematical simulation model. The model comprises a 39.2 kWh EV Lithium-Ion battery pack integrated with a three-phase inverter to convert the battery pack’s Direct Current output to Alternating Current. In addition, the Alternating Current output is coupled to a 100 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor, which is regarded as the load. A field-oriented controller provides pulse width-modulated output signals that are supplied back to the inverter to generate the correct driving current. Variable conditions of charge rate (C-rate: 1.25C − 4C), discharge rate (C-rate: 0.5C − 4C), temperature (25°C–60°C), and depth of discharge (30%–90%) are evaluated to determine the battery pack’s service life. Under a 4C charge rate/0.5C discharge rate and 50% depth of discharge, the modeling results indicate the battery pack has a service life of approximately 6,000 h at low temperatures (25°C) and roughly 3,000 h at high temperatures (60°C). The model has been validated by comparing the results with experimental data from the literature.

Robotic Disassembly Platform for Disassembly of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery: A Case Study

Efficient processing of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles is an important and pressing challenge in a circular economy. Regardless of whether the processing strategy is recycling, repurposing, or remanufacturing, the first processing step will usually involve disassembly. As battery disassembly is a dangerous task, efforts have been made to robotise it. In this paper, a robotic disassembly platform using four industrial robots is proposed to automate the non-destructive disassembly of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery pack into modules. This work was conducted as a case study to demonstrate the concept of the autonomous disassembly of an electric vehicle battery pack. A two-step object localisation method based on visual information is used to overcome positional uncertainties from different sources and is validated by experiments. Also, the unscrewing system is highlighted, and its functions, such as handling untightened fasteners, loosening jammed screws, and changing the nutrunner adapters with square drives, are detailed. Furthermore, the time required for each operation is compared with that taken by human operators. Finally, the limitations of the platform are reported, and future research directions are suggested.

The suppression of thermal propagation using spray cooling with R410A in overheated lithium battery pack

Currently, the thermal safety control of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles has emerged as a prominent research focus in both academia and industry. During the transition from overheating to the initial stage of thermal runaway, lithium batteries undergo an overheating decomposition reaction, which presents an opportunity for proactive prevention of thermal runaway. In this context, this study proposes a spray cooling method and performs numerical simulations to investigate the impact of spray cooling on suppressing overheating propagation in battery packs. Specifically, we examine the suppressor effect of spray cooling on propagating overheating within the battery pack. The cooling effect of R410A spray was investigated at three typical positions prone to overheating. We analyzed changes in thermal behavior characteristics of individual batteries within the pack and evaluated its inhibitory effect on propagating of overheating. The spray strategy is also improved and optimized by increasing the number of spray nozzles and spraying in advance. The results demonstrate that the implementation of the spray cooling method in this study effectively mitigates the average temperature of the overheated battery, thereby preventing the overheating decomposition reaction. Simultaneously, the spray cooling effectively suppresses the heat propagation of excessively heated batteries within the battery pack, thereby preventing and delaying the onset of thermal runaway in the battery pack.

Dual-gate design enables intrinsic safety of high-energy batteries

The safety issue hampers the application of high-energy lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles, grid energy storage, electric ships and aircrafts. The chemical cross-talk, which refers to the migration of energetic intermediates between cathode and anode, initiates battery self-heating and accelerates the intensive heat release during battery thermal failure. However, blocking the chemical cross-talk is extremely hard. Previously, we may expect a thermally stable separator can guard the gate between battery cathode and anode, however, large amount of hot gas breaks the defense mechanically not thermally. Draining the cross-talk gas is of equal importance with blocking it. Herein, a dual-gate design notion is proposed, using separator as “block gate” and vent valve as “removal gate” to regulate the spatial distribution of energetic species to reduce the major heat release during battery thermal runaway. The design is validated by more than 50 battery chemistries. Typically, the maximum temperature of NMC811||Gr pouch cell decreases from >800 °C to <300 °C, the highest temperature rising rate decreases from 761.0 °C/s to 0.013 °C/s. The morphology and crystalline change of cathode verify that the chemical cross-talk is successfully suppressed. Moreover, such design has little side effect on the electrochemical performance of batteries. The dual-gate design breaks the bottleneck for the safety design of high energy batteries, providing insight into the safe utilization of electrochemical energy storage materials.

전기자동차 배터리 냉각 플레이트의 유동 형상에 따른 냉각 성능에 관한 연구

The performance of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles is significantly affected by temperature. To ensure battery stability and extend its lifespan, an effective cooling system must be developed for heat dissipation. Therefore, researchers are focusing on liquid-cooled systems that use fluids with higher thermal conductivities compared with conventional air-cooling systems. However, studies regarding the flow shapes of crucial cooling plates in indirect liquid-cooling systems are scarce. In this study, the optimal flow shape of cooling plates with high cooling performance for dissipating heat generated during battery charging and discharging is determined. Four models with different structural features are analyzed via computational fluid dynamics simulations and then validated experimentally. Model 1, which features a small stagnation region, exhibits better cooling performance compared with Model 2, which features smoother curved flow paths. Models with large stagnant regions demonstrate inferior cooling performance, which is attributed to the effect of heat absorption, based on the residence time of the coolant in the cooling plate. Improvement in cooling efficiency is confirmed, which implies the feasibility of applying the model to enhance the performance of electric vehicles in the future.

Electrochemical 3-D morphology based degradation quantification framework for lithium-ion battery under low temperature

In high-latitude areas, lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles frequently operate under low-temperature conditions. However, lithium-ion battery suffers from complex energy loss and performance degradation under low temperature. In order to quantify the degradation mode of the battery, this paper proposes a framework with electrochemical theory and electrode 3-D morphology. The proposed framework mainly includes two parts: Firstly, the degradation modes (DMs) of the battery are extracted from incremental capacity (IC), differential voltage (DV) techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Secondly, the 3-dimension (3-D) morphological calculation method is proposed to analyze the degradation situation of the battery electrodes. Then, the battery aging and performance testing system under low temperature is established to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework from the perspective of surface morphology. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, an experimental bench for battery low-temperature aging and performance testing is constructed. The experimental results demonstrate that: (1) Battery capacity is greatly reduced at low temperatures, and loss of lithium inventory (LLI) is greater at low temperatures (−5 °C and −10 °C) than at 25 °C under the same state of health (SOH). (2) By analyzing 3-D morphology, the low temperature can lead to a significant change in the surface roughness parameters of the anode electrode. The low temperature aggravates the reduction of anode gap area. It is found that the microscopic mesomorphic changes are closely related to the aging of the battery. (3) The anode graphite (002) peak position is shifted to a low angle of 2.2° under low temperature. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images shows the graphite anode is covered by a lithium-rich SEI at low temperature. (4) Post-test calculations of the consistency of the relevant covariates revealed that the electrochemical and morphological covariates are highly linearly correlated, respectively. Hence, the effectiveness of the proposed framework is verified and a novel perspective is provided to reveal the battery performance degradation under low temperatures, which can help guarantee safe operation through battery management system.

A review of integrated battery thermal management systems for lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles

Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as a promising choice for electric vehicle applications. However, thermal runaway and related catastrophic issues perplex the research community when batteries are subjected to varying charging/discharging and different ambient temperatures. In order to keep the batteries under a safe zone of temperature, battery thermal management occupies utmost importance and hence researchers are switching over to a combination of either two or three strategies since single stragaty could not meet effective thermal management. In a combined strategy, the use of phase change materials and is highly essential due to their inherent thermo-physical properties; both organic and inorganic types have been explored. To enhance the heat dissipation, the phase change materials, regarded as composite phase materials, are being added with graphite powder, nanomaterials, metal foams, and fins are being arranged to the battery cells. The present review enumerates the recent progress made in achieving good thermal performance with hybrid/integrated battery thermal systems with an emphasis on the use of composite phase change materials. The review revealed that the hybrid strategy is performing well, machine learning and advanced optimization methods are being applied to understand the state of health of batteries. Few works are focussed on the mitigation of thermal runaway propagation serving the composite phase change materials as effective flame retardants. The current status and challenges being faced in the use of LIBs is also briefed. It is essential to develop economical integrated battery thermal management systems with parasitic power losses that are compact and safe to attract many city dwellers to adopt pure electric vehicles besides meeting the mandate of sustainable development goals. The review is an attempt to provide a ready reckoner in the area of integrated battery thermal management involving composite phase materials.

Multi-objective nonlinear observer design for multi-fault detection of lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles

Accurate and rapid fault detection is essential for the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. However, conventional fault detection methods dependent on constant thresholds may have false alarms or missing alarms due to the inevitable disturbances resulted from the battery system modeling errors and measurement noises. In this paper, we design a multi-objective nonlinear fault detection observer for lithium-ion batteries, which is robust against disturbances but sensitive to battery multi-fault. We then perform formal stability and L∞/H_ performance analysis for the resultant estimation error system. Furthermore, tractable design procedures for the observer gain parameter and an adaptive threshold are derived. Then, via adaptive thresholding, a delicate three-step multi-fault detection scheme is developed to detect the occurrence of battery various faults, including short-circuit faults, current and voltage sensor faults. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed scheme is validated under several experimental case studies involving a variety of faults with their different levels of severity and erroneous SOC initialization.

Circularity scoring system: A product specific application to lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles

The transition towards electric mobility has gained significant momentum in recent years, raising concerns on the environmental and social implications of lithium-ion batteries. Specifically, there are ongoing challenges related to the future supply of critical raw materials and the sustainable management of used batteries with remaining capacity. To address this, a 'Circularity Scoring System' is proposed. The method aims to evaluate specific aspects of the battery design and the manufacturer's support infrastructure that currently hamper the implementation of circular economy strategies. A comprehensive list of 25 evaluation criteria was initially compiled from existing standards on material efficiency. Then, 9 criteria were ultimately selected, weighted, and defined to evaluate a battery's potential to undergo three distinct pathways: repair and reuse, remanufacturing and repurpose, or recycling. Through this method, a final score is generated for each circular strategy, providing valuable insights for continually enhancing battery design and, subsequently, their sustainability.

Effects of intermittent pulsating flow on the performance of multi-channel cold plate in electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack

In order to address the thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack, the intermittent pulsating flow is proposed to apply in the multi-channel cold plate of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery pack. Extensive numerical investigations on the maximum temperature (Tb,max) and maximum temperature difference (ΔTb,max) and of the lithium-ion battery pack, transfer coefficient (h), pressure loss (Δp), efficiency index (EI), pump power (Ppump), and energy consumption (W) of the multi-channel cold plate under intermittent pulsating flow and pulsating flow are conducted. Results show that Tb,max and ΔTb,max under intermittent pulsating flow is lower than those under pulsating flow at the first half of the whole discharging process, which suggests that the intermittent pulsating flow can make the lithium-ion battery pack achieve better temperature characteristics. However, W of cold plate under intermittent pulsating flow is much higher than that under pulsating flow at the same pulsation amplitude and frequency. It is always increased at the fixed pulsation frequency with the increase of pulsation amplitude and reaches the minimum value at the pulsation frequency of 3 Hz when the pulsation amplitude is fixed.

Multiplex Characteristics and Vulnerability Assessment of the Global Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Network: A Focal Firm-Specific Analysis

Multiplex Characteristics and Vulnerability Assessment of the Global Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Network: A Focal Firm-Specific Analysis

Life cycle assessment of secondary use and physical recycling of lithium-ion batteries retired from electric vehicles in China

With the rapid development of the global new energy vehicle industry, how to minimize the environmental impact of the recovery has become a common concern and urgent concern. China is a major production and consumption market for electric vehicles, there are no specific and extensive resource and environmental assessment system for batteries. In this paper, the retired Electric vehicles lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was the research object, and a specific analysis of the recycling treatment and gradual use stages of power batteries were based on life cycle assessment. Different battery assessment scenarios were established according to the development of battery recycling in China. The results showed that the secondary use has the optimal performance compared to the full-component physical, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgy recycling. The results showed that direct recycling has a GWP of 0.037 kg-CO2 eq·kg LIB-1, which is lower than others. Secondary use of LIB accounts for the most emission reductions with Global warming (GWP) as 12.134 kg-CO2 eq·kg LIB-1. The secondary use has the greatest impact on the assessment results, especially in dynamic scenarios. Through a comprehensive comparison of different recycling technologies, the secondary use, increasing the recycling rate, reducing resource, energy consumption and pollution emissions.